In 2021, the Irish Human Rights and Equality Commission (IHREC) made a submission to the Anti-Racism Committee on developing a National Action Plan Against Racism that documented that people of migrant origin continue to face significant disadvantages across multiple areas, including access to workplaces, services, housing, education and health care (IHREC, 2021). In addition, in 2020, racist assaults were the subject of 51 cases, the highest ever rate of assaults reported to iReport (Michael, 2021). In 2021, during the pandemic, racist assaults were the subject of 40 cases (Michael, 2022). It is alarming to note that people under 18 years old were reported as the primary target in 11 % of all crime cases in 2020 and people aged 18-25 years old were the second most likely of any group to be targeted (Michael, 2021, pp.9-17). Moreover, Siapera et al. (2018) argue that second-generation Irish people are specifically targeted online, in terms of their biological or ethnic connection to Irishness. They also report that certain discourses make a distinction between ‘real’ Irishness, which is based on a ‘biological’ and ‘cultural’ bond, and Irish citizenship, which can be perceived as ‘fake’ Irishness (2018).