This chapter traces the recession of Irish Catholicism at an institutional and societal level. Two overarching questions are considered. The first assesses how the institutional Church responded to a rapidly changing Ireland between the papal visits of 1979 and 2018, how relations between Church and State altered, and how Church leadership has been perceived. The second examines the response of the institutional Church to the scandals of its past and to an evolving religious landscape. While the presence and influence of the institutional Church has inexorably declined and the number of practising believers has contracted, Irish Catholicism retains a public salience.