The rapid, specific, and sensitive detection of biomarkers for disease state and progression has become an expansive field in research due to advances in both the understanding of biomarkers and diagnostic detection strategies. The detection of both cellular and molecular biomarkers through electrochemical means provides a rapid and sensitive strategy for the detection of specific markers of disease, in this case neuroblastoma. Chapter 1 of this thesis reviews the current literature reports on both cellular and molecular biomarkers for neuroblastoma disease progression as well as detection methods, both electrochemical and otherwise, that may be applied to the detection of neuroblastoma. In Chapter 2 the detection of cellular biomarkers of neuroblastoma via electrochemical analysis is discussed, chiefly focusing on the immobilisation of neuroblastoma cells to an electrode surface and the subsequent detection of immobilised cells through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and amperometric detection of electrocatalytic platinum nanoparticles. Following on from this, Chapter 3 focuses on the detection of a molecular biomarker of neuroblastoma disease progression, miR-132. This detection strategy relies on the partial hybridisation of the miRNA target, miR-132, to a self-assembled monolayer of nucleic acid strands on the surface of an electrode. Electrocatalytic platinum nanoparticles uniformly decorated with probe oligonucleotides are then hybridised to the free end of the miRNA target and detected amperometrically through the electrocatalytic reduction of H2O2 at the nanoparticle surface. The focus of this work then shifts in Chapter 4 to the formation of a detection strategy based on electrochemiluminescence, whereby a luminophore, Ruthenium II (bis-2,2-bipyridyl)-2(4-aminophenyl) imidazo[4,5-f][1,10] phenanthroline is immobilised to the surface of a nanoparticle decorated electrode surface and is detected by ECL. This body of work explores possible avenues for the enhancement of the electrochemiluminescent signal generated by immobilised luminophore by plasmonic enhancement of luminescent signal through nanotexturing of electrode surfaces. Chapter 4 then details work carried out to translate this work to a working assay for the detection of miRNA using multiple combinations of nanoparticle (Au/Ag/Pt) and luminophore. By carefully selecting the electrode surface and luminophore an overall enhancement of signal is observed for immobilised probes and a calibration plot for the concentration of miR-132 applied to the electrode surface can be obtained.