Whether all parties to the employment relationship benefit from workplace partnership and with what consequences is one of the most persistent research questions in industrial relations scholarship. Three dominant theoretical frameworks are identified. They are the mutual gains, pessimistic and constrained mutuality perspectives. Using both quantitative and qualitative case study data, the paper queries the prevailing view that it is possible to categorise partnership outcomes as fitting neatly into one of these three theoretical perspectives. The paper investigates the critical role of employees’ perception of the distribution of partnership gains for their orientation to their employer and union, and in regard to their support for a continuation of a partnership approach.