The chemical composition of honey influences how beneficial it is to human and bee health, and can vary according to its botanical origin. The aim of this research was to investigate the relationships between botanical origin, landscape context and honey chemistry, specifically the physiochemical properties, phenol composition and pesticide content, of Irish honey. This research is the first to profile phenolic content of Irish honey, and also investigated the relationship between the phenol composition of honey and a) hive location, b) land cover composition and c) harvest season. The relationship between land-use and neonicotinoid residues in honey was also assessed. Declines in bee populations have caused great concern due to the valuable ecosystem services they provide and neonicotinoids have been implicated in these declines. Due to the wide application and persistence, neonicotinoids are bioavailable to bees, which can result in their presence in honey. Results confirmed that physiochemical properties and total phenolic content varied according to the floral origin of the honey and hive location. Irish heather honey had similar physiochemical characteristics to Manuka honey. Seventeen phenols were identified and quantified in Irish honey. The results suggest that anthropogenic land-use and harvest season are the main indirect drivers of the phenol composition of honey. Finally, three neonicotinoids were identified in Irish honey, with 70% of samples containing at least one of the three neonicotinoids. Clothianidin and thiacloprid were more frequently detected in honeys from urban habitats and imidacloprid was more frequently detected in honey from rural habitats. Honey provides an ideal matrix to evaluate the extent to which the landscape contributes to the chemical compounds to which pollinators are exposed. This research supports the growing evidence that some types of agricultural land provide insufficient floral resources for bees and that agricultural land is not the only source of pesticide exposure.