These two books are structured as Volumes 1 & 2. The working team responsible for researching and writing them come from five member states within the European Union: Czech Republic, Germany, Ireland, Spain & Sweden. This book explores which specific competencies in Citizenship Education and Identity might be included in 1st & 2nd cycle courses that educate/train professionals who will work with children/young people. A secondary aspect of the booklets was to show how the ‘Tuning Principles’1 could be applied to develop Specific Competencies for undergraduate and graduate cycle programmes that relate to Citizenship Education & Identity with respect to young people. Volume Two relates closely to specific country contexts and examines comparables and competencies generated from the research data as well as discussion about the research process. Each Volume can be read independently, but for a greater understanding of the themes and key concepts it is advised that both are read together.