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Unsafe AI for Education: A Conversation on Stochastic Parrots and Other Learning Metaphors

Costello, Eamon et al. orcid logoORCID: 0000-0002-2775-6006 (2025) Unsafe AI for Education: A Conversation on Stochastic Parrots and Other Learning Metaphors. Journal of Interactive Media in Education, 1 . p. 10. ISSN 1365-893X

Abstract
This interview article discusses the impact on popular and educational discourses of the metaphor for a Large Language Model of a “stochastic parrot”. The metaphor comes from the title of an influential paper on the harms of large language models from 2021. Here we present a perspective on the short but influential history of the metaphor through an interview with one of its creators, Professor Emily M. Bender. Using the broad lens of metaphor as a way to shape and frame discourse, the editors interviewed Professor Bender and asked her a series of questions to spark discussion around AI in Education. A variety of topics were covered, including: on how metaphors and anthropomorphisation when carelessly used can elide harms and obviate responsibilities; the role of BigTech, data theft and metaphors of colonisation; Whether AI is unsafe for education and if so to which learners; Techno-solutionism; Positionality and AI “voice”; and whether EdTech is a key driver of AI bullshit and enshittification.This article aims to give readers an accessible insight into how a particular metaphor may be enacted in discourse and to contribute to wider critical debates about how GenAI operates in the context of datafication and educational harms.
Metadata
Item Type:Article (Published)
Refereed:Yes
Uncontrolled Keywords:Metaphors; bullshit; enshittification; GenAI; AIED; Edtech; LLM; bias; AI discourse
Subjects:Computer Science > Artificial intelligence
Social Sciences > Education
Social Sciences > Teaching
DCU Faculties and Centres:DCU Faculties and Schools > Institute of Education
DCU Faculties and Schools > Institute of Education > School of STEM Education, Innovation, & Global Studies
Publisher:Open University * Knowledge Media Institute
Official URL:https://jime.open.ac.uk/articles/10.5334/jime.1079
Copyright Information:Authors
ID Code:31551
Deposited On:18 Sep 2025 10:57 by Gordon Kennedy . Last Modified 18 Sep 2025 10:57
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